Combined type ADHD

Contrast, significance level	sagittal	coronal	transverse
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 1%
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 5%

About the disorder

According to Wikipedia,

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age. These symptoms begin by age six to twelve, are present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings (such as school, home, or recreational activities). In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance. Although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many children with ADHD have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting.

Data source

Data were obtained from the multi-site ADHD-200 Sample. We used only the images of the Kennedy Krieger Institute.

Results

Thresholding was carried out using the “threshold-free cluster enhancement” (TFCE) approach of S. M. Smith, T. E. Nichols, NeuroImage (2009).

Maximum intensity projections

The images show maximum intensity projections of thresholded z-score maps. Supra-threshold z-scores are colored orange to yellow (low to high). Gray color means that z-scores were below the threshold.

Region coverage

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

significance level 1%

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Superior Frontal Gyrus	16	4%	98
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	2%	77
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	1%	21
Left Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	39	27%	174
Left Paracingulate Gyrus	41	6%	80
Left Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	42	4%	43
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	26%	267
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	5%	131
Right Frontal Pole	62	1%	103
Right Superior Frontal Gyrus	64	26%	619
Right Middle Frontal Gyrus	65	0%	3
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	6%	247
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	6%	207
Right Superior Parietal Lobule	79	12%	172
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	1%	67
Right Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	87	18%	130
Right Paracingulate Gyrus	89	27%	366
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	21%	261
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	27%	310
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	12%	346

significance level 5%

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Putamen	2	11%	113
Left Pallidum	3	7%	27
Left Hippocampus	4	6%	52
Left Amygdala	5	19%	73
Right Thalamus	7	9%	140
Right Caudate	8	1%	7
Right Putamen	9	14%	147
Right Pallidum	10	8%	31
Right Hippocampus	11	9%	79
Right Amygdala	12	7%	30
Right Accumbens	13	6%	7
Left Frontal Pole	14	8%	569
Left Insular Cortex	15	42%	485
Left Superior Frontal Gyrus	16	26%	665
Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	17	4%	123
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	18	5%	30
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	19	10%	75
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	18%	770
Left Temporal Pole	21	20%	479
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	15%	39
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	57%	502
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	9%	39
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	26%	328
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	36%	309
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	27	34%	114
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	10%	101
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	26%	184
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	15%	535
Left Superior Parietal Lobule	31	35%	512
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	32	41%	385
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	44%	465
Left Angular Gyrus	34	19%	179
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	21%	1037
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	39%	804
Left Intracalcarine Cortex	37	0%	3
Left Frontal Medial Cortex	38	1%	5
Left Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	39	60%	380
Left Subcallosal Cortex	40	9%	44
Left Paracingulate Gyrus	41	18%	235
Left Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	42	24%	237
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	48%	487
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	21%	517
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	21%	356
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	36%	202
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	62%	236
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	18%	266
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	23%	74
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	18%	154
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	50%	307
Left Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	53	19%	174
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	76%	275
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	13%	129
Left Parietal Operculum Cortex	56	13%	76
Left Planum Polare	57	6%	23
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	4%	13
Left Planum Temporale	59	17%	93
Left Occipital Pole	61	0%	11
Right Frontal Pole	62	14%	1134
Right Insular Cortex	63	45%	530
Right Superior Frontal Gyrus	64	49%	1172
Right Middle Frontal Gyrus	65	13%	330
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	66	26%	131
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	67	41%	268
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	22%	895
Right Temporal Pole	69	1%	13
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	21%	57
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	64%	611
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	2%	7
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	29%	364
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	46%	531
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	48%	370
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	28%	916
Right Superior Parietal Lobule	79	41%	600
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	80	10%	76
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	31%	372
Right Angular Gyrus	82	46%	672
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	22%	1067
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	37%	757
Right Intracalcarine Cortex	85	3%	19
Right Frontal Medial Cortex	86	1%	3
Right Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	87	44%	314
Right Subcallosal Cortex	88	4%	21
Right Paracingulate Gyrus	89	42%	573
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	48%	602
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	50%	584
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	39%	1084
Right Cuneal Cortex	93	1%	8
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	35%	510
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	96	30%	96
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	28%	483
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	16%	114
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	62%	492
Right Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	101	32%	280
Right Frontal Operculum Cortex	102	68%	220
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	4%	36
Right Planum Polare	105	32%	123
Right Planum Temporale	107	7%	31
Right Occipital Pole	109	3%	85
Left I-IV	110	4%	23
Left V	112	4%	28
Right V	113	0%	3
Left VI	114	2%	31
Vermis VI	115	4%	15
Right VI	116	12%	173
Left Crus I	117	1%	30
Right Crus I	119	7%	183
Right Crus II	122	5%	83