Schizophrenia

Contrast, significance level	sagittal	coronal	transverse
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 1%
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 1‰
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 5‱

About the disorder

According to Wikipedia,

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand what is real. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and a lack of motivation. People with schizophrenia often have additional mental health problems such as anxiety disorders, major depressive illness, or substance use disorder. Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in young adulthood, and last a long time.

Data source

Data were obtained from the INDI data release of the Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE).

Results

Thresholding was carried out using the “threshold-free cluster enhancement” (TFCE) approach of S. M. Smith, T. E. Nichols, NeuroImage (2009).

Maximum intensity projections

The images show maximum intensity projections of thresholded z-score maps. Supra-threshold z-scores are colored orange to yellow (low to high). Gray color means that z-scores were below the threshold.

Region coverage

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

significance level 1%

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Thalamus	0	1%	17
Left Putamen	2	14%	151
Left Hippocampus	4	11%	95
Left Amygdala	5	64%	244
Right Thalamus	7	1%	14
Right Putamen	9	14%	151
Right Hippocampus	11	12%	105
Right Amygdala	12	22%	95
Left Frontal Pole	14	27%	1881
Left Insular Cortex	15	60%	692
Left Superior Frontal Gyrus	16	13%	338
Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	17	12%	316
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	18	3%	17
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	19	24%	178
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	19%	815
Left Temporal Pole	21	52%	1219
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	54%	136
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	56%	490
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	50%	222
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	61%	775
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	23%	196
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	34%	335
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	21%	149
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	16%	598
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	32	32%	306
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	35%	369
Left Angular Gyrus	34	43%	409
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	15%	744
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	20%	405
Left Intracalcarine Cortex	37	3%	20
Left Frontal Medial Cortex	38	35%	149
Left Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	39	22%	137
Left Subcallosal Cortex	40	14%	71
Left Paracingulate Gyrus	41	54%	724
Left Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	42	27%	272
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	15%	148
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	4%	92
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	47%	804
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	28%	154
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	14%	214
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	18%	57
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	19%	161
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	3%	17
Left Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	53	22%	197
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	34%	124
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	55%	542
Left Parietal Operculum Cortex	56	27%	153
Left Planum Polare	57	56%	202
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	49%	158
Left Planum Temporale	59	27%	142
Left Supracalcarine Cortex	60	3%	2
Left Occipital Pole	61	35%	925
Right Frontal Pole	62	30%	2494
Right Insular Cortex	63	51%	602
Right Superior Frontal Gyrus	64	5%	132
Right Middle Frontal Gyrus	65	29%	752
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	66	21%	102
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	67	40%	262
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	6%	243
Right Temporal Pole	69	43%	1018
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	41%	111
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	42%	396
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	48%	191
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	39%	491
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	37%	428
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	11%	36
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	20%	193
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	19%	148
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	0%	7
Right Superior Parietal Lobule	79	12%	174
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	80	3%	27
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	24%	296
Right Angular Gyrus	82	43%	628
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	9%	441
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	16%	325
Right Intracalcarine Cortex	85	11%	83
Right Frontal Medial Cortex	86	39%	175
Right Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	87	14%	104
Right Subcallosal Cortex	88	36%	176
Right Paracingulate Gyrus	89	59%	812
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	43%	544
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	15%	174
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	2%	51
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	45%	655
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	12%	77
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	5%	83
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	15%	45
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	23%	162
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	12%	99
Right Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	101	27%	237
Right Frontal Operculum Cortex	102	45%	147
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	48%	434
Right Parietal Operculum Cortex	104	38%	204
Right Planum Polare	105	56%	217
Right Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	106	71%	201
Right Planum Temporale	107	54%	224
Right Supracalcarine Cortex	108	10%	14
Right Occipital Pole	109	34%	856
Left VI	114	2%	35
Right VI	116	2%	24
Left Crus I	117	3%	64
Right Crus I	119	6%	148
Left Crus II	120	0%	2

significance level 1‰

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Putamen	2	1%	10
Left Hippocampus	4	6%	51
Left Amygdala	5	43%	164
Left Insular Cortex	15	49%	570
Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	17	3%	79
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	18	1%	4
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	19	8%	61
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	10%	442
Left Temporal Pole	21	36%	849
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	28%	72
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	38%	330
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	31%	139
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	44%	565
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	12%	104
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	20%	199
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	7%	51
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	7%	237
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	32	14%	129
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	22%	227
Left Angular Gyrus	34	23%	218
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	5%	239
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	34%	580
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	13%	72
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	7%	22
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	11%	97
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	22%	80
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	42%	409
Left Parietal Operculum Cortex	56	13%	77
Left Planum Polare	57	42%	152
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	34%	109
Left Planum Temporale	59	14%	77
Left Frontal Pole	14	2%	148
		0%	20
Left Superior Frontal Gyrus	16	2%	60
Left Frontal Medial Cortex	38	7%	28
Left Paracingulate Gyrus	41	20%	271
Left Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	42	0%	2
Right Superior Frontal Gyrus	64	1%	14
Right Frontal Medial Cortex	86	6%	26
Right Paracingulate Gyrus	89	12%	171
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	2%	24
Right Frontal Pole	62	2%	189
		0%	26
Right Hippocampus	11	1%	5
Right Amygdala	12	1%	5
Left Subcallosal Cortex	40	3%	14
Right Insular Cortex	63	21%	245
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars triangularis	66	1%	7
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	67	6%	37
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	1%	32
Right Temporal Pole	69	25%	581
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	26%	71
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	15%	144
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	32%	128
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	19%	244
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	17%	191
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	3%	11
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	5%	51
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	0%	2
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	3%	41
Right Angular Gyrus	82	0%	3
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	1%	21
Right Subcallosal Cortex	88	7%	35
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	24%	348
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	0%	1
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	6%	17
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	14%	98
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	0%	1
Right Frontal Operculum Cortex	102	21%	68
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	28%	257
Right Parietal Operculum Cortex	104	10%	52
Right Planum Polare	105	30%	115
Right Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	106	34%	96
Right Planum Temporale	107	22%	94

significance level 5‱

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Insular Cortex	15	22%	259
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	19	1%	6
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	0%	3
Left Temporal Pole	21	12%	281
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	1%	3
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	7%	125
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	6%	32
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	1%	2
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	3%	10
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	18%	175
Left Parietal Operculum Cortex	56	3%	16
Left Planum Polare	57	15%	55
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	17%	53
Left Planum Temporale	59	1%	5