Alzheimer's disease

Contrast, significance level	sagittal	coronal	transverse
Gray matter reduction in female patients, significance level 1%
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 1%
Gray matter reduction in female patients, significance level 1‰
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 1‰
Gray matter reduction in female patients, significance level 5‱
Gray matter reduction in male patients, significance level 5‱

About the disorder

According to Wikipedia,

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as just Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time. It is the cause of 60% to 70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events (short-term memory loss). As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years.

Data source

Data were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. For up-to-date information, see adni-info.org.

Results

Thresholding was carried out using the “threshold-free cluster enhancement” (TFCE) approach of S. M. Smith, T. E. Nichols, NeuroImage (2009).

Maximum intensity projections

The images show maximum intensity projections of thresholded z-score maps. Supra-threshold z-scores are colored orange to yellow (low to high). Gray color means that z-scores were below the threshold.

Region coverage

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

significance level 1%

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

Gray matter reduction in female patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Thalamus	0	5%	76
Left Caudate	1	0%	3
Left Putamen	2	17%	181
Left Pallidum	3	48%	175
Left Hippocampus	4	72%	631
Left Amygdala	5	96%	367
Left Accumbens	6	16%	17
Right Thalamus	7	2%	31
Right Putamen	9	8%	79
Right Pallidum	10	63%	235
Right Hippocampus	11	51%	450
Right Amygdala	12	99%	431
Left Frontal Pole	14	5%	327
Left Insular Cortex	15	35%	405
Left Superior Frontal Gyrus	16	9%	223
Left Middle Frontal Gyrus	17	0%	11
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	6%	240
Left Temporal Pole	21	45%	1059
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	56%	141
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	53%	465
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	41%	184
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	77%	973
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	74%	635
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	27	24%	80
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	56%	556
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	63%	438
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	1%	53
Left Superior Parietal Lobule	31	2%	31
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	32	5%	48
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	29%	308
Left Angular Gyrus	34	50%	477
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	19%	945
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	19%	396
Left Intracalcarine Cortex	37	9%	54
Left Frontal Medial Cortex	38	9%	37
Left Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	39	16%	99
Left Subcallosal Cortex	40	15%	77
Left Paracingulate Gyrus	41	11%	151
Left Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	42	7%	65
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	46%	461
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	48%	1177
Left Cuneal Cortex	45	39%	194
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	26%	446
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	50%	277
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	24%	91
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	20%	299
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	34%	109
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	60%	515
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	34%	211
Left Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	53	15%	133
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	14%	49
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	8%	82
Left Planum Polare	57	46%	166
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	28%	89
Left Supracalcarine Cortex	60	15%	11
Left Occipital Pole	61	26%	692
Right Frontal Pole	62	4%	344
Right Insular Cortex	63	24%	288
Right Superior Frontal Gyrus	64	7%	179
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	5%	188
Right Temporal Pole	69	38%	908
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	37%	99
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	44%	415
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	32%	127
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	59%	744
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	37%	426
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	36%	114
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	61%	580
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	42%	325
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	23%	734
Right Superior Parietal Lobule	79	11%	163
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	80	23%	184
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	22%	266
Right Angular Gyrus	82	40%	579
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	32%	1560
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	32%	663
Right Intracalcarine Cortex	85	5%	36
Right Frontal Medial Cortex	86	14%	64
Right Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex	87	14%	97
Right Subcallosal Cortex	88	22%	107
Right Paracingulate Gyrus	89	13%	172
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	10%	124
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	44%	508
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	54%	1512
Right Cuneal Cortex	93	34%	222
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	30%	436
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	46%	285
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	96	39%	125
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	20%	347
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	59%	174
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	76%	547
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	45%	361
Right Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	101	3%	25
Right Frontal Operculum Cortex	102	1%	3
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	10%	94
Right Planum Polare	105	37%	143
Right Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	106	28%	80
Right Planum Temporale	107	0%	2
Right Supracalcarine Cortex	108	12%	17
Right Occipital Pole	109	41%	1036
Left I-IV	110	1%	5
Right I-IV	111	2%	13
Left V	112	5%	33
Right V	113	6%	42
Left VI	114	1%	23
Vermis VI	115	1%	4
Right VI	116	2%	25
Right Crus I	119	0%	8

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Thalamus	0	0%	5
Left Pallidum	3	22%	78
Left Hippocampus	4	58%	508
Left Amygdala	5	96%	366
Left Insular Cortex	15	48%	554
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	19	2%	16
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	0%	21
Left Temporal Pole	21	40%	938
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	47%	118
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	23%	198
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	35%	156
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	28%	362
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	23%	193
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	27	50%	165
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	48%	478
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	38%	261
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	6%	60
Left Angular Gyrus	34	15%	144
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	2%	103
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	16%	329
Left Subcallosal Cortex	40	1%	5
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	10%	165
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	70%	392
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	32%	122
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	9%	133
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	47%	148
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	54%	464
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	16%	101
Left Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	53	18%	164
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	19%	69
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	3%	28
Left Planum Polare	57	38%	135
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	7%	22
Left Planum Temporale	59	1%	7
Left Occipital Pole	61	1%	21
Left VI	114	1%	13
Left Putamen	2	19%	194
		5%	49
Left Caudate	1	14%	102
Right Caudate	8	26%	189
Right Accumbens	13	5%	6
Right Thalamus	7	2%	31
		0%	2
Right Putamen	9	7%	73
		11%	117
Right Pallidum	10	27%	99
Right Hippocampus	11	53%	470
Right Amygdala	12	84%	366
Right Insular Cortex	63	44%	520
Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus, pars opercularis	67	1%	9
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	0%	1
Right Temporal Pole	69	37%	864
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	40%	108
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	30%	291
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	15%	62
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	38%	479
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	22%	254
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	33%	106
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	25%	241
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	24%	186
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	1%	13
Right Angular Gyrus	82	6%	87
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	1%	32
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	1%	21
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	3%	44
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	36%	223
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	96	21%	66
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	0%	2
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	57%	168
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	25%	182
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	8%	62
Right Frontal Operculum Cortex	102	10%	33
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	11%	102
Right Parietal Operculum Cortex	104	1%	8
Right Planum Polare	105	57%	223
Right Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	106	36%	101
Right Planum Temporale	107	10%	44
Right VI	116	1%	10
Right Crus I	119	1%	23

significance level 1‰

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

Gray matter reduction in female patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Thalamus	0	3%	45
Left Putamen	2	8%	81
Left Pallidum	3	25%	91
Left Hippocampus	4	46%	406
Left Amygdala	5	84%	320
Left Insular Cortex	15	18%	207
Left Temporal Pole	21	26%	608
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	32%	80
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	38%	330
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	30%	132
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	63%	799
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	62%	533
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	27	7%	23
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	29%	285
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	35%	245
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	11%	112
Left Angular Gyrus	34	20%	189
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	8%	155
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	4%	66
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	27%	150
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	14%	54
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	4%	63
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	4%	14
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	23%	197
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	14%	86
Left Occipital Fusiform Gyrus	53	4%	33
Left Frontal Operculum Cortex	54	4%	16
Left Central Opercular Cortex	55	3%	31
Left Planum Polare	57	23%	83
Left Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	58	12%	40
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	0%	4
		5%	237
Left Precentral Gyrus	20	1%	61
Left Postcentral Gyrus	30	0%	12
Left Intracalcarine Cortex	37	0%	1
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	21%	209
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	23%	573
Left Cuneal Cortex	45	14%	70
Left Supracalcarine Cortex	60	4%	3
Right Cingulate Gyrus, anterior division	90	0%	3
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	20%	237
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	29%	814
Right Cuneal Cortex	93	5%	30
Right Precentral Gyrus	68	0%	1
		0%	2
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	9%	158
		0%	1
Right Putamen	9	3%	28
Right Pallidum	10	45%	166
Right Hippocampus	11	38%	332
Right Amygdala	12	93%	408
Right Insular Cortex	63	13%	158
Right Temporal Pole	69	25%	589
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	70	11%	30
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	23%	216
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	12%	50
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	39%	485
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	21%	240
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	23%	72
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	39%	370
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	27%	206
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	9%	277
Right Superior Parietal Lobule	79	0%	2
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	80	10%	83
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	8%	99
Right Angular Gyrus	82	18%	264
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	9%	455
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	15%	300
Right Subcallosal Cortex	88	0%	2
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	9%	127
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	27%	168
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	96	31%	98
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	22%	66
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	46%	334
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	21%	167
Right Central Opercular Cortex	103	4%	40
Right Planum Polare	105	22%	86
Right Heschl's Gyrus (includes H1 and H2)	106	18%	51

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Putamen	2	3%	29
Left Pallidum	3	7%	27
Left Hippocampus	4	44%	386
Left Amygdala	5	76%	289
Left Insular Cortex	15	0%	1
Left Temporal Pole	21	8%	180
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	4%	43
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	2%	38
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	38%	214
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	13%	49
Left Lingual Gyrus	49	0%	3
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	22%	71
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	25%	216
Right Temporal Pole	69	1%	24
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	0%	1
Right Amygdala	12	19%	83
		6%	28
Right Putamen	9	1%	11
Right Pallidum	10	5%	20
Right Hippocampus	11	21%	184

significance level 5‱

Please select a submenu to see the coverage of regions of interest.

Gray matter reduction in female patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	22	12%	29
Left Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	23	24%	206
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	24	14%	64
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	25	52%	654
Left Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	26	47%	403
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	9%	92
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	29	20%	138
Left Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	33	3%	32
Left Angular Gyrus	34	1%	7
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	35	1%	54
Left Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	36	4%	77
Left Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	52	0%	2
Left Temporal Pole	21	3%	65
		0%	2
Left Putamen	2	1%	12
Left Pallidum	3	8%	30
Left Hippocampus	4	14%	120
Left Amygdala	5	53%	202
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	0%	4
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	4%	22
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	48	4%	16
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	1%	6
Left Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	43	3%	33
Left Precuneous Cortex	44	6%	151
Left Cuneal Cortex	45	1%	4
Right Cingulate Gyrus, posterior division	91	5%	53
Right Precuneous Cortex	92	5%	151
Right Putamen	9	2%	21
Right Pallidum	10	31%	114
Right Hippocampus	11	32%	280
Right Amygdala	12	89%	390
Right Temporal Pole	69	19%	455
Right Superior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	71	13%	123
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	72	2%	7
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	73	27%	338
Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	74	14%	159
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, anterior division	75	19%	60
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	76	27%	259
Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus, temporooccipital part	77	19%	145
Right Postcentral Gyrus	78	0%	16
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, anterior division	80	6%	45
Right Supramarginal Gyrus, posterior division	81	5%	63
Right Angular Gyrus	82	9%	136
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, superior division	83	7%	317
Right Lateral Occipital Cortex, inferior division	84	9%	179
Right Frontal Orbital Cortex	94	5%	79
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	95	17%	105
Right Parahippocampal Gyrus, posterior division	96	26%	84
Right Lingual Gyrus	97	7%	122
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	98	10%	29
Right Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	99	35%	254
Right Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex	100	14%	111

Gray matter reduction in male patients

name	Region ID	Percentage of the region covered by the cluster	Number of cluster voxels inside the region
Left Putamen	2	2%	19
Left Pallidum	3	4%	16
Left Hippocampus	4	35%	311
Left Amygdala	5	57%	216
Left Temporal Pole	21	5%	123
Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus, posterior division	28	1%	12
Left Frontal Orbital Cortex	46	1%	16
Left Parahippocampal Gyrus, anterior division	47	21%	119
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, anterior division	50	9%	30
Left Temporal Fusiform Cortex, posterior division	51	11%	96